Constitutionalism in Nigeria has been crisis-ridden since independence in 1960. Then Nigeria was organised into a federation that had three regions. It allows for popular participation in politics at every level of government. In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. and Democracy in Nigeria, ISSUES IN NIGERIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL. These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf. % The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. That notwithstanding, The origin and concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. First, how to properly place peoples, better still - indigenes and ethnic groupings, in their relevant socio-economic categories; that is, in line with the oil windfalls. Minority Issues and the Creation of State | Week 10. (8 Best Paying Jobs), General consensus among our leaders when seeking independence from Britain. Federalism as said earlier decentralizes power. Instead of designing a government that should unite the different elements in Nigeria, the colonialists fully adopted federal stem of government in 1954 and created greater regional autonomy. ! In 1954, the Nigerian founding fathers opted for a federal system of government despite its inherent challenges in a pluralistic society. This is because federalism is presented as a panacea in organizing distinct political identities under a state. By way of conclusion, it is imperative to know that the reason why Nigeria is still practicing federalism today is because the system seems to be suitable for our political value and culture. In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory. I love this article,very educating and interesting All rights reserved. It means that the sovereign unit (Centre) and local units . Pillars of democracy: 7 Essential pillars of democracy. The Evolution, Development and Practice of Federalism in Nigeria Charas Madu Tella, Ahmed Wali Doho, Aliyu Bapeto Abstract Federalism is a political philosophy in which members of a group are. Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State." A chronology of critical events in Nigeria's political development from the adoption of a federal system in 1954 to the present is provided in Table 1. Also, there was a demand for more local regions by all these ethnic interest groups which was what led to the creation of new states. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. welcome, and thanks for reading us. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. This duplicity of government is not alien to a federal structure as identified, except that in the Nigerian case, there is ineffable strife for dominance. In the case of Nigeria - how the oil money will be (in)judiciously dealt with. In 1939 sir Bernard Bourdillion made a serious constitutional proposal which concluded having regional councils with a central council in Lagos. There are other political systems the country could have adopted but because of some reasons which I am going to share with you today, federalism seemed to be the best idea. Fourthly, there shall be the existence of court to interpret the constitution as it applies to cases and conflicts among the tiers of government. Section 10 of the constitution rule outs the adoption of any religion as a state religion either. Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? Prior to independence, it is believed that the British adopted federalism because it favored their interest. However, the practice of fiscal federalism in Nigeria is a negation of true federalism. The logic for this call, nay, agitation for self-determination by this group is not faulty in itself except that the laws of the land; Nigeria 1999 Constitution (as amended) does not guarantee self-determination or secession by any group of the Nigerian political environment. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. . The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is publishing this proposed rule to revise HUD's regulations for branch office registration requirements. It has been suggested that the creation of more states and local government have helped in the distribution of national cake. For this alone, one thinks in consonance with the conviction of dominant scholarship, that such clustering and bundling of diverse identities in an amalgamative sense, in the case of Nigeria, is too, an irreconcilable British experimentalism of the federal principle. It is our pleasure. V(B8eDK@sx AK hG~ u;6DV,pwP# _ O4C sR 8_yC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of Full History of Nigerian Federalism. Also read: Highest paying law firms in Nigeria. Another major reason why federalism was adopted in Nigeria is the multiple ethnic backgrounds in Nigeria. The calls for restructuring have been louder particularly from the southern part of Nigeria. Since Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation and Federalism is more practicable in such kind of nation, it is an ideal system of government. Such an act has constituted to one of the major problems of federalism thereby militating against the development of the nation. These crises flow from issues such as fiscal federalism, corruption, credible elections, tribal politics, ethno-religious conflicts, and disdain for the rule of law. This feature of federalism is widely believed to be a veritable framework for even and need-sensitive development. It is important to also reason that small states are prone to domination and sometimes control by the big ones. Do you want to know the basis and the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? In 1963 Midwestern region was created and Nigeria became a nation of four regions. The analysis of the emerging issues and scenarios as well as the response options aims at supporting the efforts of different stakeholders including the Federal government on managing the current pro-Biafra agitation. Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. This has led to a deep sense of alienation and politics of ethnic identity. The British in their quest for economic wealth and geo-political edges over other Europeans in Africa made Nigeria the largest British colony in Africa. Levoluzione del federalismo nigeriano tra conflitti etnici e transizioni democratiche. According to Ayoade (2009:iii): Nigerians have come to identify the first republic 1960- 66 as the golden age of federalism in Nigeria. Fear of insecurity and the desire for a Union Meaning of federalism? Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. /F1 6 0 R This paper consequently argues that the anxiety as well as angst attributable to this agitation has the tendencies of not only disrupting the relative-peace presently enjoyed by the various groups, but is also, if not controlled, capable of plunging the country into a state of economic comatose and perpetual fragility. Brad Simpson (2014) The Biafran secession and the limits of self-determination, Journal of Genocide Research, 16:2-3, 337-354, WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, LAST TRAIN TO BIAFRA - Memories of a Biafran Child: A Personal Family Experience, Fiscal Federalism, Ethnic Minorities and the National Question in Nigeria: Revisiting the Case of the Niger Delta People, WARN POLICY BRIEF WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, Biafra Resurgence: State Failure, Insecurity and Separatist Agitations in Nigeria, Biafra Separatism: Causes, Consequences and Remedies, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, THE DISINTEGRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA: A LESSON FOR NIGERIA, MASSOB AND IPOB SELF DETERMINATION AND THE NIGERIA STATE, Ndi Igbo, Leadership, Nationhood, the Nigerian Dilemma and Why We Are All Biafrans, Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, Exploring the Dimensions of Secessionist Agitations: Security Threats and Implications for Nigeria 1966-2016, REVISITING THE NIGERIA-BIAFRA WAR: THE INTANGIBLES OF POST- WAR RECONCILIATION, The Ambiguity of Constitutional Silence on State Secession in Nigeria: Looking Beyond Politics of Compassion and Prejudice, West Africa Insight Secessionist Movement ENGLISH Version, Situation Analysis on Public Safety and Security Governorship Election in Anambra State, IGBOS, A PEOPLE THRIVING AMIDST ADVERSITY: WHO ARE THE IGBOS, Pro-Biafran Activists and the call for a Referendum: A Sentiment Analysis of 'Biafraexit' on Twitter after UK's vote to leave the European Union, NIGERIA: WHAT IS TO BE DONE? stream In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. That is often the reason why some adherents of Marx quarrel vehemently about such preordained classification such as: haves and have-nots; and the liberal minds grappling with, insisting not only that all hands are not equal, but that they must never, for whatsoever reason at all, be made equal - believing that that would tantamount to the highest injustice. By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. There may be no point, of course, boring ones moment with such lengthy activity of working out their conceptual nuances. Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. It is believed by many that this was one of the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federalist system. I have said that Nigeria is reputed to be the largest black country around, even Nigeria has claimed to be the giant of Africa by . Nigeria's founding fathers desired a federal political framework, believing that federal states have the structural capacity to accommodate diversity. Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. Very often, the problem has appeared in twofold. federalism, a heavily coercive effort by a nondemocratic centralizing power to put together a multinational state, some of the components of which had previously been independent states. It was believed that federal system of government would take care of the interest of the minority and human rights that had been the fear of the minority under colonial rule. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. a system of state organization, to bring a workable polity with a just moral order is the reason why states adopt or should adopt federalism. It represents a synthetic between two perspectiveneess; one is that politics of the United States should produce the good commonwealth and the other is that the principal task of politics is to create an open political market. 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. The powers that exist between the federal and state government also depends on the constitution. Asst. Granted is the fact that federalism was launched in Nigeria by expatriate leaders, its continued existence since independence is standing firm on the interest of the indegeneous leaders. Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. Resource control: 3.7 7. Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. Keep it up , Yes , I love it and I was sentitize on those reasons. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation There are three major tribes in Nigeria namely Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. By and large, it is the nature of the relationship of the federal and state governments that determines whether a state is federal or unitary. After nearly three decades of cumulative military rule, the country returned to civilian governance in 1999 under a presidential system of government. The crux of the matter is that the minorities fear the domination of the majorities, but federalism allows them some independent existence, and as such, their fears, both real and fancied, are allayed. 3l:rmO"XDhG%2| Historical experience 3.2 2. Federalism as a system of government has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. % Federalism will shape the long-term health and economic impacts of COVID-19, including plans for the future, for at least two reasons: First, federalism exacerbates inequities, as some states have a history of underinvesting in social programs, especially in certain communities. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. However, where there is a conflict of authority between the federal government and regional government, the federal authority supersedes. June 1,2022 Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting . Also see: Historical constitutional development in Nigeria explained. we are proud to nigeria our inherited country,god bless nigeria. Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. 2. There was just the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate. Also, Read: Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria. But before moving to the crux of this article, we will be looking briefly at the meaning and history of federalism in Nigeria. Besides this desire, there was also the presence of certain socio-economic conditions (Babalola, 2013 . This is why there is a clamoring for restructuring and true federalism in Nigeria. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Adobe d C The political parties involved in the first republic were more formed on a regional basis. Federalism is a system of government where there are a decentralization power and autonomy of governance to the regional or federated states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government. 4 0 obj Population of the country The paper begins by placing the question in an historical context examines its different phases and characters. Book excerpt: Defensive Federalism presents an original contribution to the field of federalism and multinational democracies, exploring the concept of defensive federalism as a protection of self- government against the "tyranny of the majority". But besides these three major tribes, there are over 350 other smaller tribes with diverse languages and dialects. REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . The constitution must be rigid to avoid frequent and unnecessary changes. Federalism also in this manner, preserves cultures of the minorities from being drowned in the ocean of the cultures of the majorities. By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. Since 1954 successively Nigerian constitution had adopted the federal system of government without much emphasis on the unity or disunity it has accorded to Nigeria. This allows the central or federal government to share governmental powers between the central or federal government and the components regions, state, etc. It established that the resources of a particular state is not totally owned by the federal government. 2) The Problem of Minorities: In Nigeria, there are majority groups and minority groups. Hon. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. Promoters of the idea were of the view that the However, that is not so in a federal government system. A Policy Brief examining the actors, factors and dynamics of the agitations, questioning if the current agitation is another flash in the pan and if current responses are adequate to address the agitations for secession of Biafra from Nigeria. With the total area of 923,768 km, Nigeria can not justifiably be administered by a lone leviathan from the top. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government.
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