Therefore, the absolutist claim that war is wholly a bad thing, or that it cannot be for a good cause despite its undesirability, is reasonably refuted. If you dont, you should be held partly responsible for the childs death. The foregoing are just a sample of the ethical approaches a healthcare professional may adopt in practice and it may be argued that there are three main moral theories from which these approaches may, in part, spring, namely virtue ethics, deontology and consequentialism. Provide a clear and easy-to-understand guidelines. consequentialism in what makes the patient and everyone else happy with the outcome, and societal impacts with regards to the distribution of resources and the overall positive outcome to society. Should Watson Be Consulted for a Second Opinion? Is it ethical to allow some people to suffer so more people can live well? Consequentialism entails that we can be held morally responsible for a lack of action, and whilst the case of the drowning child shows that it is possible to be indirectly responsible by not acting, in cases like Jims it involves going further than can be reasonably expected. The use of FRT in health care suggests the importance of informed consent, data input and analysis quality, effective communication about incidental findings, and potential influence on patient-clinician relationships. One does not have to be a specialist in ethics to do so. We will close by outlining the areas where consequentialism is at odds with current medical law and how medical law should evolve according to consequentialism. Cohen IG, Amarasingham R, Shah A, Xie B, Lo B. Mazura JC, Juluru K, Chen JJ, Morgan TA, John M, Siegel EL. The .gov means its official. These can be thought of as rules or duties that we have to ourselves and to others regardless of their consequences. Being such a controversial topic some might argue that abortion should be considered murder, while others simply see it as a way to get rid of a problem. The nature and extent of these effects, and whether they will be harmful or beneficial, will vary regionally and over time. A Consequentialist Manifesto for the Evolution of Medical Law. Some statutes that protect health information might not apply to FRT. Facial recognition software success rates for the identification of 3D surface reconstructed facial images: implications for patient privacy and security. Consequentialism Consequentialism is a type of teleological theory -- consequentialist theories suggest that the moral value, the moral rightness or wrongness of an act, is entirely a function of the consequences, or the results of that act. Use and Significance of Nursing Diagnosis in Hospital Emergencies: A Phenomenological Approach. FOIA Robert M. Taylor, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2013 Deontology. health goal (including socioeconomic goals) identified by a legitimate public health authority. 2007;2(1):26. Our duty to others can be illustrated using another example, one used by contemporary utilitarian philosopher Peter Singer. 2017;8:1883. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Borsos Z, Gyori M. Can automated facial expression analysis show differences between autism and typical functioning? Consequentialism is a rival to such moral theories as deontology, contractualism, and virtue ethics. Nurses use these in contributing to the resolution of these dilemmas. Certainly, the use of utilitarian ethics in medical contexts is not without controversy and this is something which we shall next by looking at a well-known objection to utilitarianism using a thought experiment: The objection is that by only focusing on objectively promoting the greatest good, utilitarians can permit and indeed claim that certain actions, which appear morally wrong, are in fact the right action. Accessed December 10, 2018. What matters in this example is saving the highest number of lives, and how this is attained is unimportant. Because it counted every persons pleasure or pain as the same, regardless of age, wealth, race, etc. _____ ethics looks to the nature of relationships to guide participants in making difficult decisions. Some machine learning systems need continuous data input to train and improve the algorithms22 in a process that could be analogized to quality improvement research, for which informed consent is not regarded as necessary.23 For example, to improve its algorithms, FRT for genetic diagnosis would need to receive new data sets of images of patients already known to have specific genetic disorders.2 To maintain trust and transparency with patients, organizations should consider involving relevant community stakeholders in implementing FRT and in decisions about establishing and improving practices of informing patients about the organizations use of FRT. An objective measure of whether something is good or bad, and by how much. such as consequentialism, virtue ethics . Now, if the foreign power does intervene on the basis of humanitarian concerns to liberate the minority from the reign of terror that subjects to such misery and death, war becomes a necessary and moral objective on part of the foreign power to liberate the minority people. PMC One problem with the theory is that it can be hard to measure different benefits to decide which one is morally preferable. January 9, 2017. https://www.wired.com/2017/01/computers-can-tell-glance-youve-got-genetic-disorders/. First published Wed Nov 21, 2007; substantive revision Fri Oct 30, 2020. 1992 Fall;21(4):354-89. July 2, 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/can-your-face-reveal-how-long-youll-live-new-technology-may-provide-the-answer/2014/07/02/640bacb4-f748-11e3-a606-946fd632f9f1_story.html. FOIA 2020 Jun;27(4):1032-1043. doi: 10.1177/0969733020906594. The result justifies the means are based on a consequentialism. Human behavior prediction using facial expression analysis. In this example: A hospital has limited capacity to deal with Covid-19 patients and is having to decide between admitting a 20 year old patient, who is fit and well, and a 75 year old patient, who has a history of heart disease, to their last available ventilator. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 28th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE); May 3-6, 2015; Halifax, Canada:1199-1202. and transmitted securely. Furthermore, consumer-centred healthcare is becoming heavily reliant on digital technology. Williams furthers this explanation; making the best of a bad job is one of its maxims, and it will have something to say even on the difference between massacring seven million, and massacring seven million and one (Consequentialism and its Critics, 1988). The best-known consequentialist ethical theory is utilitarianism, which says that the wrongness or rightness of an action depends on the amount of overall good or utility that is produced. Background: Complex and expensive treatment options have increased the frequency and emphasis of ethical decision-making in healthcare. Development of a computer-aided tool for the pattern recognition of facial features in diagnosing Turner syndrome: comparison of diagnostic accuracy with clinical workers. It is a problem that consequentialism forces us to take an impersonal, objective view of situations and override some of our most cherished beliefs because of its requirement that we focus exclusively on the final result. The strong point of consequentialism is that it provides a clear and easy-to-understand guideline. You can read the details below. Protecting your patients interests in the era of big data, artificial intelligence, and predictive analytics. Consequentialism is the position that morality is determined by the outcome of good or bad consequences caused by a person's actions. However, having evolved from a set of Christian values and principles, it retains certain deontological characteristics. But Jim has to actively kill someone unlike the duck feeder for whom the only bad consequences are that he will get wet and muddy. We should note that Consequentialism is based on two principles: Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act. Cloud-assisted speech and face recognition framework for health monitoring. Machine learning and the profession of medicine. For example, if FRT diagnostic software develops to the point that it is used not just to augment but to replace a physicians judgment, ethical and legal questions may arise regarding which entity appropriately has liability.41 Or if FRT is used to monitor compliance, track patients whereabouts, or assist in other kinds of surveillance, patients trust in physicians could be eroded, undermining the therapeutic alliance. Published April 25, 2018. Nurses experiences of ethical dilemmas: A review. 2017;242:797-804. X. moral judgments are supposed to be a matter of simple consequentialism: you add up how much suffering you think is caused by an action and balance it against the amount of good. 2016;2016(5):2-3. Consequentialism is the theory in moral philosophy that says our actions should aim at producing the best consequences. Q: Roe v. Wade may soon be overturned by the Supreme Court, while at the same time other countries are loosening restrictions around abortion rights. . Implementing machine learning in health careaddressing ethical challenges. It means any ethical theory which judges the rightness or wrongness of an action on whether or not the outcome is good or bad. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 2022 Jan 6;10(1):12. doi: 10.3390/pharmacy10010012. Hossain MS, Muhammad G. Cloud-assisted framework for health monitoring. Indeed, society as a whole is more important than any one person in the eyes of a Utilitarian. 8600 Rockville Pike Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Pub L No. 1-2.) A novel approach to the detection of acromegaly: accuracy of diagnosis by automatic face classification. Epub 2021 Sep 1. Public health ethics only began to gain prominence as a distinct field within bioethics around the year 2000 and its proponents have had the task of defining it as distinct from medical ethics due to the distinct nature of public health (e.g., Childress et al., 2002, p. 170; Dawson, 2011, p. 1; Upshur, 2002, p. 101). The desire to save people's lives sometimes does not allow doctors to understand that some patients want the opposite. Is it okay to do bad things for a good cause? So, if Oliver had a wide network of adoring cat lovers because of his friendly, playful nature, unlike Benjy who prefers a life of peaceful solitude I should save Oliver as this would cause the least pain and produce the most pleasure for the people that know him. In contemporary moral philosophy, deontology is one of those kinds of normative theories regarding which choices are morally required, forbidden, or . HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help ISSN 2376-6980. According to non-consequentialism, the rightness of an action is not solely determined by its consequences. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. P2. Also, in certain situations, consequentialism can lead to decisions that are objectionable, even though the consequences are arguably good. Why facial recognition is the future of diagnostics. Consequentialism in scenario. In-depth content analysis of the data was undertaken via NVivo coding and thematic identification. As with any new health technology, careful attention should be paid to the accuracy and validity of FRT used in health care applications as well as to informed consent and reporting incidental findings to patients. Abbasinia M, Norouzadeh R, Adib-Hajbaghery M, Nasiri MA, Sharifipour E, Koohpaei A, Eskandari N, Aghaie B. There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. Roughly speaking, the consequentialist believes that outcomes are all that matter, and that people should therefore endeavor to act so as to produce the best consequences, based on an impartial perspective as to what is best. Even if nobody would be hurt, our speeding laws mean less people are harmed overall. Consequentialism Consequentialism is an ethical theory that judges whether or not something is right by what its consequences are.
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